راه یا جاده بخور یکی از مسیرهای کاروان های بازرگانی در دنیای باستان است که مهمترین جاده ارتباطی میان قاره های آسیا و آفریقا به شمار می رفته است. انواع مواد معطر چون عود و لوبان و کندر و دیگر عطریات سوختنی را در آئین های گوناگون در وسیله ای موسوم به بخور سوز می سوزاندند و تجارتش بس مهم بود. شهر جرهای عربستان باستان آنقدر در تجارت بخور اهمیت داشت که آنتیوخوس بزرگ، از جانشینان سلوکی اسکندر خود به دیدار از آن پرداخت.
مسیر اصلی جاده بخور
این جاده تنها مسیر بازرگانی شبه جزیره عربستان بوده است و به دلیل عبور کاروان های تجاری که انواع بخور از جمله کندر را از عمان به مصر و اریتره می برده اند به نام جاده بخور شناخته می شده است.
مسیرها [ویرایش]
این جاده در طول تاریخ دارای مسیرهای متفاوت زمینی و دریایی بوده است. مسیر اولیه زمینی آن از عمان شروع می شده و با عبور از یمن ، حجاز ، اردن ، فلسطین و بیابان سینا وارد افریقا می شده و کالاهای ارزشمند منطقه جنوب غرب خاور میانه را به آن منطقه ها می رسانده است.
به دلیل اهمیت زیاد راه های دریایی برای مصریان این راه به دریا نیز توسعه یافت و از اسکندریه به منطقه مدیترانه گسترش پیدا کرد. همچنین راه دریایی میان یمن و اریتره نیز به مسیر تجارت بخور افزوده شد.
این مسیرها از تقربیا ۲۰۰۰ سال پیش از میلاد تا چند صد سال گذشته رونق داشته است
منابع [ویرایش]
ویکی پدیا انگلیسی
رده ها: بازرگانی بین المللی تاریخ شبه جزیره عربستان راه های تاریخی
قس انگلیسی
The Incense trade route or the Incense Road of Antiquity ( see also the spice trade ) comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the Levant and Egypt through eastern Africa and Arabia to India and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to the Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. [1] The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of goods such as Arabian frankincense and myrrh; [1] Indian spices, precious stones, pearls, ebony, silk and fine textiles; [2] and East African rare woods, feathers, animal skins and gold. [2]
Contents [show]
[edit]Early history
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense - producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea. [3]
The Egyptians had traded in the Red Sea, importing spices, gold and exotic wood from the "Land of Punt" and from Arabia. [4] Indian goods were brought in Arabian and Indian vessels to Aden. [4] Rawlinson identifies the long - debated "ships of Tarshish, " as a Tyrian fleet equipped at Ezion - Geber that made several trading voyages to the east bringing back gold, silver, ivory and precious stones. [4] These goods were transhipped at the port of Ophir. [4]
According to one historian:[5]
“ In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the Horn of Africa were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and Oman. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the upper Nile by land traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around 1500 BCE on the walls of the temple at Thebes commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. [6] Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty - one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board. ”
“ The Periplus Maris Erythraei and other Greek texts refer to several coastal sites in Somalia, Southern Arabia and India involved with trade in frankincense, myrrh, cassia, bdellium and a range of gum resins termed duaka and kankamon and mok rotu. ”
[edit]Land routes
The economy of the Kingdom of Qataban ( light blue ) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and Abyssinia where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea was Gerrha in the Persian Gulf, reported by the historian Strabo to have been founded by Babylonian exiles as a Chaldean colony. [7] Gerrha exercised influence over the incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled the aromatics trade to Babylon in the 1st century BC. [7] Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India. [7]
Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, Yemen attracted settlers from the fertile crescent. [8] The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were recognized as a source of wealth by its rulers. [8]
Assyrian documents indicate that Tiglath - Pileser III advanced through Phoenicia to Gaza. [9] Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a vassal administr . . .
مسیر اصلی جاده بخور
این جاده تنها مسیر بازرگانی شبه جزیره عربستان بوده است و به دلیل عبور کاروان های تجاری که انواع بخور از جمله کندر را از عمان به مصر و اریتره می برده اند به نام جاده بخور شناخته می شده است.
مسیرها [ویرایش]
این جاده در طول تاریخ دارای مسیرهای متفاوت زمینی و دریایی بوده است. مسیر اولیه زمینی آن از عمان شروع می شده و با عبور از یمن ، حجاز ، اردن ، فلسطین و بیابان سینا وارد افریقا می شده و کالاهای ارزشمند منطقه جنوب غرب خاور میانه را به آن منطقه ها می رسانده است.
به دلیل اهمیت زیاد راه های دریایی برای مصریان این راه به دریا نیز توسعه یافت و از اسکندریه به منطقه مدیترانه گسترش پیدا کرد. همچنین راه دریایی میان یمن و اریتره نیز به مسیر تجارت بخور افزوده شد.
این مسیرها از تقربیا ۲۰۰۰ سال پیش از میلاد تا چند صد سال گذشته رونق داشته است
منابع [ویرایش]
ویکی پدیا انگلیسی
رده ها: بازرگانی بین المللی تاریخ شبه جزیره عربستان راه های تاریخی
قس انگلیسی
The Incense trade route or the Incense Road of Antiquity ( see also the spice trade ) comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the Levant and Egypt through eastern Africa and Arabia to India and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to the Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. [1] The Incense Route served as a channel for trading of goods such as Arabian frankincense and myrrh; [1] Indian spices, precious stones, pearls, ebony, silk and fine textiles; [2] and East African rare woods, feathers, animal skins and gold. [2]
Contents [show]
[edit]Early history
The incense trade, connecting Egypt to the incense - producing lands, depended heavily on navigation along the Red Sea. [3]
The Egyptians had traded in the Red Sea, importing spices, gold and exotic wood from the "Land of Punt" and from Arabia. [4] Indian goods were brought in Arabian and Indian vessels to Aden. [4] Rawlinson identifies the long - debated "ships of Tarshish, " as a Tyrian fleet equipped at Ezion - Geber that made several trading voyages to the east bringing back gold, silver, ivory and precious stones. [4] These goods were transhipped at the port of Ophir. [4]
According to one historian:[5]
“ In the ancient period, it would seem that South Arabia and the Horn of Africa were the major suppliers of incense, while in modern times the commercial centre for the trade in gums has been Aden and Oman. Early ritual texts from Egypt show that incense was being bought to the upper Nile by land traders, but perhaps the most spectacular evidence of this trade is provided by the frescos dated to around 1500 BCE on the walls of the temple at Thebes commemorating the journey of a fleet that the Queen of Egypt had sent to the Land of Punt. [6] Five ships are depicted in these reliefs, piled high with treasure, and one of them shows thirty - one small incense trees in tubs being carried on board. ”
“ The Periplus Maris Erythraei and other Greek texts refer to several coastal sites in Somalia, Southern Arabia and India involved with trade in frankincense, myrrh, cassia, bdellium and a range of gum resins termed duaka and kankamon and mok rotu. ”
[edit]Land routes
The economy of the Kingdom of Qataban ( light blue ) was based on the cultivation and trade of spices and aromatics including frankincense and myrrh. These were exported to the Mediterranean, India and Abyssinia where they were greatly prized by many cultures, using camels on routes through Arabia, and to India by sea.
Among the important trading points of the Incense Route from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea was Gerrha in the Persian Gulf, reported by the historian Strabo to have been founded by Babylonian exiles as a Chaldean colony. [7] Gerrha exercised influence over the incense trade routes across Arabia to the Mediterranean and controlled the aromatics trade to Babylon in the 1st century BC. [7] Gerrha was one of the important entry ports for goods shipped from India. [7]
Due to its prominent position in the incense trade, Yemen attracted settlers from the fertile crescent. [8] The frankincense and myrrh trees were crucial to the economy of Yemen and were recognized as a source of wealth by its rulers. [8]
Assyrian documents indicate that Tiglath - Pileser III advanced through Phoenicia to Gaza. [9] Gaza was eventually sacked and the ruler of Gaza escaped to Egypt but later continued to act as a vassal administr . . .