that of

در مقایسه با = ( compared to - in comparison with )

همان . . .
the third criterion for causal studies, that of controlling =the third criterion for causal studies, [the criterion] of controlling
-
the continuity is just that of the universe going on doing its stuff=the continuity is just the continuity of the universe going on doing its stuff.

در مقام مقایسه، نسبت به آنچه که، در برابرِ، به نسبتِ، درمقایسه با

همان، یعنی